Abstract
Domestic work has gendered meaning and content of both masculinity and femininity is strongly embedded in the cultural context. In our article, across three studies we analyse the perception of household duties and their division between partners in two countries differing with regard to gender equality levels: Norway and Poland. In our Study 1, Polish (N = 64, 40 women, Mdecades = ) and Norwegian (N = 45, 27 women, Mage = ) students rated the typicality of domestic duties for women and men in Poland and in Norway. Our results show that feminine-typed or masculine-typed household duties are perceived as less gendered in Norway than in Poland. In the second Study, using a sample consisting of students and internet users from Poland (N = 207, 92 women, Mage = ) and Norway (N = 126, 85 women, Mage = (SD = ), we investigated whether there are Polish-Norwegian differences with regard to willingness to be more involved in household obligations. Overall, Norwegian men and women were more willing to perform household tasks. This result also found confirmation in results obtained with larger representative samples in Study 3. Using European Social Survey records of 889 Poles (429 women, Mage = ) and 990 Norwegians (452 women, Mage = ) we compared data concerning men’s and women’s perception of their and their partners’ contribution to housework. Our results show that cultural context can relate to the perception of household duties that are perceived more gender-neutral in Norway than in Poland.
Inclusion
Dudes across the cultures is under some pressure to conform to norms particularly because the institution, dominance, search for highest social standing, and you can most importantly avoidance from femininity (Berent ainsi que al. 2015; Mahalik mais aussi al. 2003). And that becoming a part of home-based efforts are perhaps not considered an excellent mans business however, a beneficial female’s job, and therefore men ought not to take part in (Poortman and you may Van der Lippe 2009; Bosson and Vandello 2013). This new the total amount that cleaning try equally split up anywhere between women and men depends on the degree of gender equivalence in a given nation. In nations having large levels of gender equivalence, men perform much more equivalent spots regarding the neighborhood and it is more widespread for males to-be occupied with residential functions compared to countries with down gender equality (Glick & Fiske, 2001; Timber and you will Eagly 2012). Given that posited of the biosocial construction design, social viewpoints throughout the gender spots correspond with mans observations of products of females and you may guys inside their neighborhood, hence in the event the anybody observe female caring for college students and you can doing house chores then they believe ladies are a lot more ideal for carrying out domestic performs than simply dudes (Eagly and Steffen 1984; Wood and you will Eagly 2012). This type of gender character inferences, subsequently, provide sex-differentiated behavior that’s along with manifested inside the ladies and you will men’s readiness and you can sexy Essen girls obligations to get doing work in home-based really works – scientific conclusions inevitably show that no matter what gender equivalence levels of the country, really home negotiating looks like that have feminine being so much more responsible for cleaning (Coltrane 2000; Ehrenberg mais aussi al. 2001; Fuwa 2004).
Difference anywhere between men’s and you will ladies’ express for the household chores constitutes an excellent apparent gender pit in the family. Which gap is actually particularly apparent whenever work is classified from inside the male-composed and you may female-blogged cleaning (Schneider 2012). Based on Tai and you can Treas (2013), there was almost common division off errands with the masculine-wrote (turf functions, minor fixes) and you may women-penned works (elizabeth.g. washing, clean up, unwell care and attention) centered on studies off 32 places. The latter number of commitments include errands, that are highly prevented by dudes (Treas and you may Tai 2010), as they is generally thought to be day-taking and you will monotonous, as opposed to male-typed employment such as for example domestic fix, auto repair, grass really works which might be noticed significantly more recreation and you may episodic (Bianchi et al. 2006). Apart from the biosocial design model (Wood and Eagly 2012), a different prospective explanation for why guys have a tendency to refrain from starting feminine-wrote affairs ‘s the anxiety about not being perceived as manly adequate. Knob is made such as agencies and you may an anti-womanliness mandate and that discourages guys to get employed in issues and therefore try feminine and you will communal such as childcare and you may domestic works (Bosson and Vandello 2013; Caswell mais aussi al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka ainsi que al. 2016b; Schneider 2012). To stop housework might be for this reason a good way in which men make up for threats on their maleness and avoid bad appraisal from other community participants whom anticipate dudes becoming manly and you will refrain from women tasks (Caswell et al. 2014; Kosakowska-Berezecka mais aussi al. 2016b). Consequently, masculine lovers do not take up enough share of gendered house personal debt, which will make it women becoming alot more obvious throughout the labour b).